The following has been compiled by me, Andrew Lancaster, as a basis for further discussion and research. Some of my other Lancaster related webpages are here:
http://users.skynet.be/lancaster/Lancaster%20Index.html
Please contact me with any ideas or leads concerning the Lancasters below. I am especially interested to hear theories about how they fit into any known family trees.
As a starting point, I have transcribed from The Dictionary of National Biography by Sidney Lee, 1909, pp446-. This can be read on Google Books:
http://books.google.com/books?id=Gio8AAAAIAAJ
I have no included discussion of members of the Royal Family although some, the descendants of Edmund Crouchback and/or John of Gaunt, were called "of Lancaster".
Readers are also encouraged to check Wikipedia for Lancasters, and if necessary improve any entries there!
LANCASTER, CHARLES WILLIAM (1820-1878), improver of rifles and cannon, was the eldest son of Charles Lancaster, gun-maker, of 151 New Bond Street, London. He was born at б York Street, Portman Square, London, on 24 June 1820. On leaving school he entered his father's factory, where he practically learnt the business of a gunmaker, and soon became a clever designer of models, a thoroughly skilled workman, and a mechanician of high order. The study of rifled projectiles and the construction of rifles was hie chief pleasure, and he soon attained the highest skill as a rifle shot. In 1846 Lancaster constructed a model rifle, with which he experimented at Woolwich with marvellous success at a thousand and twelve hundred yards' distance, and the Duke of Wellington then ordered some similar rifles for the rifle brigade at the Cape of Good Hope. The years 1844 and 1845 he devoted to solving the problem of rifled cannon. In July 1846 he submitted to the board of ordnance a plan for using from rifled cannon smooth-sided conical projectiles, and imparting the necessary rotatory motion by driving a sabot on to the base of the projectile, the base having a V cross-piece cast in it. Further experiments, however, did not encourage him to go on with this scheme. In 1850 he conceived the idea of the oval bore as the proper form for all rifled arm; and cannon, and with this system his name will always be associated. In order to make his invention known, he constructed full-size working models of the 68-pounder, the largest gun then in the service, for the Great Exhibition of 1861. At the request of the government these models were not exhibited, but a 68-pounder oval-bore gun, made and rifled at Birmingham, with accurately turned shells, was sent to Shoeburyness for trial. The shooting of this gun directed attention to the oval-bore system, and in the succeeding experiments made at Woolwich Lancaster assisted the war department, and for some time superintended the production of the guns in the Royal Arsenal. In 1852 he experimented upon the .577 pattern Enfield rifled musket, and sent to the school of musketry at Hythe some specimens of carbine bored on his peculiar system. The device was considered satisfactory. In January 1855 the Lancaster carbine was adopted as the arm for the royal engineers, and was used by that corps until it was superseded by the Martini-Henry rifle in l869. During the Crimean campaign oval-bored rifle cannon were used and did good service, and were, it is said, the first rifled guns used in active service by the army and navy. Shortly after the war heavier guns were required for armour-piercing, and the experiments carried out at Shoeburyness, in which Lancaster assisted, led to a complete revolution in rifled artillery. For the oval-bore system of rifling he received substantial reward from the government. His transactions with the war office, however, led to disputes, and he scheduled his claims in a pamphlet, but was unsuccessful in obtaining that recognition of his services to which he considered himself entitled. Between I860 and 1872 he took out upwards of twenty patents, chiefly in connection with firearms, His last invention was a gas-check, applicable to large rifled projectiles. He travelled much in Russia, where the czar had a special gold medal of large size struck in his honour. He was elected an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 6 April 1852, and wrote a paper, in their ' Minutes of Proceedings ' (xl. 115), ' On the Erosion of the Bore in Heavy Guns.' While making arrangements for retiring from business he was seized with paralysis, and died at 151 New Bond Street, London, on 24 April 1878. He married in 1868 Ellen, daughter of George Edward and Ann Thorne of Old Stratford, Northamptonshire, by whom he had two daughters. [Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of fini Engineers, 1878. lui. 289-92 ; Sporting 5f:rror, 1882, iii. 21-2 ; Globo Encyclopedia, \ S.v. 379 ; Lancaster Shot Manufactory,Wool- »H, in Parliamentary Papers. 18.54-5, (306), шп.Ш; information from Mrs. Lancaster.]
G. С. В. LANCASTER, HENRY HILL (1829-1875), essayist,
born on 10 Jan. 1829 at 'uijzow, was son of Thomas Lancaster, a
Glasgow merchant, and of Jane Kelly. He vas educated first at the
high school, Glas- : », ind afterwards at the university. A
iistmraisbed student, he proceeded in 1849 u i Snell exhibitioner to
Balliol College, Oifcrd. In 1853 he obtained a first class ti Ktav
hvmanioribus as well as third class L•-I30ÜIS in the school
of law and modern historf, and in the following year he was ¿та.тЫ
the Arnold prize for an essay on 'Пи Benefits arising
from the Union of inland and Scotland in the reign of Queen Anne.' He
graduated B.A. 1803 and M.A. 1872. Settling, on leaving Oxford, in
Edinburgh, be passed as an advocate there in 1858, and proved himself
an able and industrious lawyer. He defended the univer- iity in Jei
Blake v. the University of Edinburgh, and the 'Athenaeum,' in the
action brought against that journal by Keith John- •t"n."
Under Mr. Gladstone's ministry (1808 to UU) he held the office of
advocate-depute. He took an active interest in the cause of Cuestión.
In 1858 he served as secretary ' a commission of inq
uiry into the
state : Sing's and Marischal Colleges, Aberdeen ; sad m 1872 was a
member oí a royal com- Moon on Scottish educational
establishment«. - bezan a connection with the ' North British.
Review ' with an article on ' Lord Maoalay's Place in English
Literature.' He '»A »strong interest in Scottish
political his- '•JTf.and wrote for the ' Edinburgh Review'
•ráeles on Burton's ' History ot Scotland ' 'July 1867),
and on the two Lords Stair -nder the title of ' The Scottish
Statesmen if the Revolution ' (January 1876). All his "«ejs
are clearly written and display much fire and knowledge. He died
suddenly from «»«play, on 24 Dec. 1876, aged 40.
In the iilUming year his more important essays vere repnnied
privately in two volumes, r ''j a prefatory notice by Professor
Jowett. ïostofthem were afterwards published in »angle
volume entitled 'Essays and Ren-re,' Edinburgh, 1876. h hu leisure
Lancaster contributed to the ailyEdinburgh prese, and in November
1800 i-incaster married in 1862 a daughter of Mr. Graham of
Skelmorlie, Ayrshire. [Privateinformation; Scotsman,25 D«e.
1875; Edioburgh Journal of Jurisprudence, February 1876; Athenaeum, 1
Jan. 1876; Oxford University Calendar.]
T. B. S. LANCASTER. HUME (¿1850), painter, showed great promise at one time as a painter of the sea, of scenes on the French and Dutch coasts, and of views on the Scheldt. From 1836 to 1849 he was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, the Society of British Artists, of which he was elected a fellow in 1841, and at the British Institution. He lived in retirement and poverty, and died nt Erith in Kent on 3 July I860. Some of his pictures were engraved in the London 'Prize Annual of the Art Union ' for 1848. [Art Journal, 1850, p. 240 ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880.]
L. C. LANCASTER, SIB JAMES (d. 1618), merchant and sea-captain, pioneer of the English trade with the East Indies, was 4 brought up among the Portuguese ; lived among them as a gentleman,' a soldier, and a merchant (Млшснлм, р. 47). As he afterwards spoke of them very bitterly, as a people without 'faith or truth,' it would seem that he considered himself as having sustained some injury or unfair treatment at their hands. Lancaster returned to England before the war with Spain broke out ; and in 1688 commanded the Edward Bonaventure, a merchant ship of 300 tons, serving under Sir Francis Drake in the fleet against the ' Invincible ' Armada. In 1691, again in command of the Edward Bonaventure, he sailed on the first English voyage to the East Indies, in company with George Raymond, general of the expedition, in the Penelope, and Samuel Foxcroft in the Merchant Royal. They sailed from Plymouth on 10 April, and ran south to latitude 8° N. with a fair wind, which then died away, leaving them becalmed in the ' doldrums.' For nearly a month they lay there, losing many men from scurvy, and did not anchor т Table Bay till 1 Aug. The suffering had been very great, and though the sickness rapidly abated, there were still many bad cases which were sent home in the Merchant Royal. The other two, with 198 men, sailed on 8 Sept. ; but four days later, in a tremendous storm off Cape Corrientes, the Penelope went clown with all hands. In another violent storm on the 16th the Edward was struck by lightning, when many men were killed or hurt. At the Comoro islands, in an affray with the natives, they lost the master and some thirty men, together with their only boat. At Zanzibar they rested and refitted ; and sailing thence in the middle of February, after a circuitous navigation and a season of unfavourable winds, doubled Cape Comorin towards the end of May, and in June anchored at Pulo Penang, with the ' men very sick and many fallen. Many too had died, and after landing the sick they were left with ' but thirty- three men and one boy, of which not past twenty-two were found for labour and help, and of them not past a third part sailors.' Thus reduced, the Edward put to sea about the middle of August, and cruising on the Hartaban coast captured a small Portuguese vessel laden with pepper, another of 260 tons burden, and a third of 760, with a rich cargo and three hundred men, women, and children. She then crossed over to Ceylon, and anchoring at Point de Galle, where ' the captain lying very sick, more like to die than to live,' the crew mutinied and insisted on taking the direct course for England. On 8 Dec. 1692 they sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, which they doubled on 31 March 1693, and after touching at St. Helena and at Trinidad in the West Indies, in the vain hope ' there to find refreshing,' they steered for Porto I ¡im, and at the little island of Mona met a French ship, from which they obtained some bread and other provisions. The ships then separated, but met again off Cape Tiburón, just as a squall off the land had carried away all the Edward's sails. The Frenchman supplied her with canvas, and after she had got some provisions from the shore she sailed for Newfoundland ; but falling into a hurricane about the middle of September, and being driven far to the southward and partially dismasted, she again came to Mona about 20 Nov. Shortly after, while Lancaster, with the lieutenant and the greater part of the crew, was on shore, the Edward Bonaventure, with only five men and a boy on board, was blown out to sea, and being unable to return to the anchorage went for England, where ehe arrived safely. Lancaster and those with him were, some time afterwards, taken by another French ship to Dieppe, and finally landed at Rye on 24 May 1694. The wealth thus brought home was a tether incentive to the formation of the Etô India Company. In 1600 Lancaster was appointed to command their first fleet, the queen granting him a ' commission of martial! law' and letters to the eastern kingswith! whom he might bave to negotiate. In thel Red Dragon of 600 tons burden, and with three other ships, Hector, Ascension, and Susan, Lancaster sailed from Woolwich onl 18 Feb. 1600-1 ; he was, however, delayed in the Downs 'for want of wind,' andfinilM sailed from Torbay on 20 April 1601. Again! keeping too near the coast of Africa, tW fleet was more than a month in crossing ш 1 doldrums ; ' and being further delayed hj contrary winds, it did not get into Table Baj Terrible as the loss of life had been—barely twenty-five returning to England out of the 198 who had doubled the Cape of Good Hope—a very rich booty had been brought home ; the Portuguese monopoly of tho East India trade had been rudely broken, and it had been proved that, so far as England was concerned, it might be broken again at pleasure. The formation of the East India Company was the natural consequence. But pending that, there were some—aldermen and merchants of London—who thought that the Portuguese might be profitably, as well as patriotically, plundered nearerhome. and who, in the summer of 1694, fitted out three ships for this purpose and placed th™ under Lancaster's command. They eaikl in October, and, after capturing тапуЗрапй and Portuguese vessels on the way, arrived in the folio wing spring at Pernambuco,wli№ there happened to be a large accumulât™ of East Indian and Brazilian produce—spia -. dye-woods, sugar, and calico. The town wai taken with little loss, and the merchand& became the spoil of the victors. They haJ been joined at the Cape Verd Islands by one Venner, who had been admitted as a partner in the adventure. Three large Dutch ships in the harbour of Pernambuco, with four French ships, were chartered by Lancaster for the homeward voyage. All these he loaded with the plunder, and, after thirty days, prepared to sail for England. On the last day the Portuguese were observed constructing a battery to command the entrance of the harbour, and Lancaster, who was sirk at the time, yielded to the persuasion of tîie vice-admiral and allowed him to take s strong party of men to destroy their work. This destruction was done without difficult; : but advancing further, beyond the сотег<: the ships' broadsides, they were met by a large body of Portuguese and repulsed with great loss, almost all the officers of the party, and others, to the number of thirty-five, Being killed. The loss was occasioned by gros disobedience of Lancaster's orders. Hi» men ' were much daunted,' but he put to sea that night with fifteen vessels, ' all laden with merchandizes, and that of good worth.' b a ' stiff gale of wind ' outside the fleet was scattered, and most of the ships, being igno^ rant of the coast,'went directly for England.' Lancaster, and four ships with him, filled up with water and fresh provisions in a neighbouring port, and arrived in the Downs is July.
tül 9 Sept., by -which time the three other sup« had suffered so terribly from scurvy, h-, iag buried 105 out of 278 men, that they were not able to come to anchor till the Dragon sent men on board to their assistance. ' And the reaeon why the general's men stood better in health than the men of other ships was this : he brought to sea with him certain bottles of the juice of lemons, which he give to each one as long as it would last, ;Lree spoonfuls every morning ' (MARKHAM, p. №). The virtue of this specific was after- ward« wholly forgotten, and seamen were allowed to go on suffering and dying wholesale fir nearly two hundred years. luccas, Lancaster, with the two ships, Bailed on 20 Feb., and after a dangerous voyage arrived in the Downs on 11 Sept. 1603. On his return to London Lancaster was knighted in October 1603. Being now a wealthy man, he settled down on shore, and as a director assisted in organising the young company. It was under his direction that all the early voyages to both the east and north-west were undertaken ; and William Baffin [q. v.] assigned Lancaster's name to one of the principal portals of the unknown north-west region. On 29 Oct. they sailed from Table Bay ; doubled the Cape of Good Hope on 1 Nov. ; on 17 Dec. touched at St. Mary's Island, «here they obtained some oranges and lemons; but finding the anchorage unsafe, went on to Antongil Bay, where they anchored on Christmas day 1601. They stayed there recruiting their health and refitting their ships till 6 March ; on 9 April they touched at the Nicobar islands, where they watered and refitted ; and on б June 1602 anchored at Acheen. Here Lancaster found that ' the queen of England was very famous in those parts, by reason of the wars and fTreat Tictories which she had gotten against the long of Spain ; ' and as the bearer of a letter from her, and as the known enemy of Portugal, of whose encroachments in the ml the king of Acheen was jealous, he was most honourably received and was readily panted permission to trade. When in September Lancaster put to sea to cruise in the straits of Malacca in quest of passing Portuguese, the king willingly undertook to prevent »ny warning being sent from Acheen. The English had thus the opportunity, on 4 Oct., of capturing a ship of 900 tons, richly laden. On 24 Oct. he again anchored at Acheen ; ig&in met with a most friendly reception frcm the king, to whom he made liberal pre- teBte; and with a most favourable letter from the king to the queen of England, he put to s*» on 9 Nov. The Susan had been sent to Priaman for a cargo of pepper ; the Ascen- -i~n had filled up with pepppr and cinnamon ti Acheen, and was now ordered to make the beet of her way to England. Lancaster, in the Dragon, with the Hector, went to Bantam, where also he had a very friendly re- ! caption. A free and lucrative trade was ••••ened, as the result of which both ships were fully laden with pepper by the middle r'i February ; and after establishing a factory at Bantam, and sending some of the merchante to establish another at the MoLancaster died, probably in May, in 1618 ; his will, in Somerset House, dated 18 April, was proved 9 June. From it, it appears that he had no children, and that, if married, hie wife had predeceased him ; none is mentioned in the will. A brother, Peter, is named ; several children of a brother John; the daughters of a brother-in-law, Hopgood ; and many cousins. Small legacies were left to these, but the bulk of his property was bequeathed to various charities, especially in connection with the Skinners' Company, or to Mistress Thomasyne Owfeild, widow, for distribution among the poor at her discretion. [Haklnyt's Principal Navigations, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 102, iii. 708 ; Parchas his PUgrimes, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 147. These are reprinted in the Voyages of Sir James Lancaster, edited for the Httkluyt Society by Mr. Clements R. Markh.-mi ; see also the Cal. of State Papers, East Indies.]
LANCASTER JOHN (a. 1619), bishop of Waterford and Lismore, possibly a member of the Somerset family of Lancaster, was chaplain to James I. In June 1607 he went over to Ireland with a letter from the king to the lord deputy giving Lancaster the bishopric of Ossory should it be vacant (Cal. State Paper», Dom. Irish Ser. 1606-8, p. 197). A later letter gave him any see that should become vacant before Ossory (ib. p. 249). He was consecrated bishop of Waterford and Lismore in 1608. In consequence of the small revenues of the bishopric, he had license in 1610 to hold no less than twelve prebends in commendam, as well as the trea- surership of Lismore. He was considered to be well inclined to the Romanists, and gave offence to the citizens in June 1609, because he would not allow the mayor to hold up his sword in the cathedral precincts (ib. 1608-10, p. 214). In July 1611 he was reported to the Archbishop of Canterbury as being ' of no credit ' in his diocese (ib. 1611- 1614, p. 81). In 1618 he received a thousand acres in the Wexford plantation (i/>. 1615-25, p. 187). Lancaster died at "Water- ; ford in 1619, and was buried in the cathedral. ' lie was married, and had several children, one of whom, John Lancaster, was a clergyman in Ireland. [Cotton's Fasti, vol. 5. passim, ii. and v. ; Ware's Bishops, ed. Harris.] W. A. J. A.
LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838), founder of the Lancasterian
system of education, was born in South wark, London, in , 1778. His
father had served as a common sol- ] dier in the American war, and
afterwards added to hie small pension by keeping a humble shop. Very
early in life Joseph received powerful religious impressions, and WM
intended by his parents for the nonconformist ministry. At the age of
fourteen he was impelled by a strong enthusiasm to leave homo
secretly, intending to go to Jamaica ' to teach the poor blacks the
word of God.' Finding himself penniless when he reached Bristol, he
enlisted as a naval volunteer, but after one voyage was, through the
interposition of friends, released from his engagement. Soon after he
joined the Society of Friends. Before he was twenty he obtained his
father's leave to bring a few poor children home and teach them to
read. He became conscious of j a strong liking and aptitude for
teaching and | for winning the confidence of children. In 1801 he
took a large room in the Borough Road, and inscribed over it, ' All
who will may send their children and have them edu- j cated freely,
and those who do not wish to have education for nothing may pay for
it if they please.' His inability to pay assistants forced him to
devise the plan of employing the elder scholars to teach the younger.
His remarkable genius for organising made his j experiment
unexpectedly successful. The j number of pupils grew rapidly. His
school was divided into small classes, each under the ! care of a
monitor ; a group of these classes was superintended by a head
monitor ; and the quasi-military system of discipline, and of
gradation of ranke, caused the whole establishment to assume an
orderly, animated, and very striking appearance. The attention of the
Duke of Bedford and of Lord Somerville ' was directed to his efforts,
and soon after- wards the Duke of Sussex and other members of the
royal family visited hie institution and encouraged him with support.
Such time as he could spare from the supervision of his large school
of a thousand boys he devoted to lecturing in the country, and
raising subscriptions for the foundation of new local schools. In
1797 Andrew Bell (1763-1832) [q. v.] had published accounts of his
educational experiments in the Madras Asylum. Lancaster in his first
pamphlet cordially acknowledged his obligation to Bell for many
useful hints. He afterwards visited Bell at Swanage, and established
very friendly relations with him. During the eight years of Bell's
residence at Swanage, little or nothing was done for the
establishment of schools on his method ; but Lancaster within that
period was carrying on an active propaganda in all parts of the
kingdom, and securing the adhesion of many powerful friends. His
fortunes reached thofr zenith in 1806, when George П1 sent for
him He published in 1803 his first pamphlet, entitled ' Improvements
in Education,' which set forth in detail the results of his
experience. He described how his statt'of monitors co-operated with
him in the maintenance of discipline, and how they taught reading,
writing, and the elements of arithmetic by a method of drill and
simultaneous exercise. The material equipment of hie school was of
the most meagre Hind. Flat desks covered with a thin layor of sand
were used for the early exercises in writing. Sheets taken from a
spelling-book and pasted on boards were placed before each ' draft '
or class, and pointed to until every word was recognised and spelled.
Passages extracted from the Bible and printed on large sheets
furnished the reading and scripture lessons. Beyond these rudiments
the instruction did not extend. He devised a very elaborate system of
punishments, shackles, cages in which offenders were slung up to the
roof, tying bad boys to a pillar in the manner suggested by mediaeval
pictures of St. Sebastian, divers marks of disgrace, and other
appeals to the scholars' sense of shame ; but his quaker principles
revolted from the infliction of actual pain, and prevented him from
perceiving the tortures inflicted by his own system on sensitive
children. He instituted degrees of rank, badges, offices and orders
of merit, which, while they undoubtedly made hie school attractive to
lads of ambition, tended to encourage vanity and self-consciousness.
It was an essential part of hie plan to enlist the most promising of
the scholars in his service, and to prepare them to become
schoolmasters. In this way he is fairly entitled to be recognised as
the first pioneer in the work of training teachers for their
profession in England. Some of the principles he advocated, and his
favourite sayings, have passed into pedagogical maxims, e.g. ' The
order of tin- school is " A place for everything and even-thing
in its place." ' Of the day's work be was wont to say, 'Let
every child have, for every minute of his school-time, something to
do, and a motive for doing it.' support, and added, besides his own
name, te W. ymouth, promised his patronage and Ли of the
queen and the princesses to the cluded the interview by saying, in
words lia of annual subscribers. The king conwhich became in one
sense the charter of the •rerv poor child in my dominions should
be Lancasterian institution, 'It is my wish that •sught to read
the Bible.' The fame which foil wed thisinterview intoxicated Lanças
ter, who was thriftless, impulsive, extravagant, sud sadly deficient
in ordinary self-control. Ho had at the same time to encounter much
ippœition from members of the established ?ïbiiihed in
1805 ' A Comparative View of aurch, Mrs. Trimmer, one of hie
opponents, tb new Plan of Education, promulgated by Mr. Joseph
Lancaster, and of the System brefathere for the initiation of the
Young '•' Christian Instruction founded by our Members of the
Established Church in the Principles of the Reformed Religion.' Her
main objection to Lancaster, whom she dethat hie !T3tem was not to be
controlled by the nounced as the ' Goliath of schismatics,' was
ikrgy,EBd was therefore calculated seriously church. The ' Edinburgh
Review' in 1806 to weaken the authority of the established vindicated
Lancaster in answer to this atarticle, reviewing Lancaster's first
pamphlet tack, and in October 1807 published a second Meanwhile
Lancaster's money affaire be- <*ве grievously
embarrassed, and in 1808 ;TO quakers, Joseph Fox and William Allen 1
1770-1843) [q. v.], with the co-operation of '''"iifbread and
others, undertook to extricate hun from his difficulties. They paid
his febu, took over the responsibility of main- "•'.¡sinfr
the model school, and constituted themselves a board of trustees for
the administration of such funds as might be given te the
institution, which they were permitted todaapiate the Royal
Lancasterian Society. Ibepnblic interest thus excited in Lancaster's
«Tstem, the patronage of the royal family, and toe announcement
of a long list of influential ; «npporters, combined to induce
the friends of csurcb. education to show increased hostility. I' wae
resolved to adopt Bell's name and T-'.em. and to establish a number
of elemen- \ 'ary schools, which should be taught by monitors, but in
which the management and • be instnict ¡on should be
distinctly identified with the established church. The National
Society was founded in 1811 to carry out these principles.
Controversies soon arose, -rabittered rather by the zeal of the
friends of fie two men than by their personal rival- ->-. On the
one side were ranged Brougham ' si:-j :!»<• group of
statesmen and writers who , ^i'b great favour. ТОЬ.
П. afterwards founded the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge and whose mouthpiece was the ' Edinburgh Review,' besides
the Society of Friends, many liberal churchmen, and the great body of
nonconformists. On the other were ranged nearly the whole of the
clergy, the 'Quarterly Review,'and the tory party generally. The
first article on the subject which appeared in the ' Quarterly Review
' (October 1811) is generally attributed to Southey. He vindicated
Bell's claims to originality, and ridiculed Lancaster's elaborate
devices for maintaining discipline ; and laid much stress on the
importance of religious teaching. Between the two methods of
procedure there were several important, differences. Lancaster taught
larger numbers, and had a more elaborate system for enlisting the
agency of the pupils themselves in the maintenance of discipline.
Moreover, his educational aims, though modest enough, were far higher
than those of his rival. Bell had expressly declared his
unwillingness to educate the poor too highly. Lancaster, on the other
hand, not only taught the elements of writing and arithmetic, but
avowed that he was precluded from ofl'ering a more generous education
to his pupils by considerations of expense only. Lancaster certainly
adopted, long before Bell, the practice of selecting and training the
future teachers. But the substantial difference between the parties,
which used for their own purposes the names of the two combatants,
rested on religious grounds. The friends of Bell avowedly wished to
bring the schools for the poor under the control of the church of
England. Lancaster, on the other hand, always preached the doctrine
that it was not the business of the public school to serve the
denominational interests of any particular section of the Christian
church, and that the true national education of the future should be
Christian but not sectarian. His friends of the Royal Lancasterian
Society were able to claim that this impartiality was not theoretical
only, and to assert, in their report of 1811 that, while more than
seven thousand children had been brought up under his personal
influence, not one of them had been induced to become, or had
actually become, a quaker like himself. In 1810 Lancaster had
publisher! h is second pamphlet, 'Report of Joseph Lancaster's
Progress from 1798.' In this report he speaks gratefully of the
assistance of his friends and of the pecuniary sacrifices they had
made on behalf of his system ; and, summarising lus own work for the
past year, he records that he had travelled 3,775 miles, delivered
sixty- seven lectures in the presence of 23,480 1 i Lancaster at
first acquiesced, though reluctantly, in the exercise of control over
his institution by the committee appointed \n. 1808 ; but he eoon
chafed against the buei- ness-like restraint imposed by the
committee, quarrelled with his friends, seceded from the society, and
set up a private school at Tooting, which soon failed and left him
bankrupt. In 1816 he printed at Bristol ' Oppression and Persecution,
being a Narrative of a variety of Singular Facts that have occurred
in the Rise, Progress, and Promulgation of the Royal Lancasterian
System of Education.' Here he complains bitterly of the conduct of
his 'pretended friends,'thetrustees, who had,four years before,
changed the name of the institution to that of the ' British and
Foreign School Society,' and had, he said, thwarted him and injured
him, and determined to carry on the work without him. The pamphlet is
a petulant attack on all his former friends, whom he describes as
having ' choused him out of the management of Us own institution.' He
had suffered severely from disappointment, ill-health, and poverty.
He had more than once been imprisoned for debt, his troubles were
aggravated by the mental affliction which befell his wife, and in
1818 he determined to shake the dust from his feet and try the New
World. hearers, promoted the establishment of fifty new schools for
14,200 scholars, and had raised 3,850i. in aid of the society's work.
To the report is appended a statement in which the trustees commend
Lancaster's zeal. They record the rapid growth of the system, the
establishment of Lancasterian schools in New York, Philadelphia, and
Boston, and, inter alia, the facts that a deputation from Caracas had
come to England expressly to see the working of the schools, and that
the government of that country had since sent two young men to the
Borough Rond to learn the system. After staying a short time at St.
Thorns« and Santa Cruz, he returned to New York, where the
corporation voted him a grant of five hundred dollars. His next
attempt to establish himself was at Montreal, where. as in other
Canadian towns, he met at first with a favourable reception, although
hi* school did not nourish there. His last publication appeared in
1833, and was printed at Newhaven, Connecticut. It is entitled '
Epitome of some of the chief Events and Transactions in the Life of
J. Lancaster, containing an Account of the Rise and Progrès of
the Lancasterian System of Education, and the Author's future
Prospects of Usefulness to Mankind; Published to Promote the
Education of His Family.' By hie ' family ' Le meant his
step-children, to whom he was verv tenderly attached, his only child,
a daughter, who had married and settled in Mexico, having recently
died. The pamphlet, like its predecessors, was ill-written and almce:
incoherent, was plentifully garnished with italics, with large
capitals, and with irrelevaiu quotations from the Bible. But it was
les¿ vehement than his former publications in the denunciation
of his adversaries, and amounted to little more than a piteous appeal
for pecuniary help, and for subscriptions to his prr- mised larger
book, which was to embody all the latest additions to
the'Improvements :r Education.' That larger work never appeared. A
few gentlemen in England issued an appeal and obtained a sufficient
sum U purchase for him a small annuity. His spiii' s revived a
little, and he contemplated a journey to England. His last letter to
a fnend. who had been his constant supporter at Th- Borough Road, is
full of exultation : * "Witt properly trained monitors I should
not scnip! to undertake to teach ten thousand pn' all to read
fluently in three weeks to th months, idiote and truants only
exeepted Be assured that the fire which kindled Elij ab"
sacrifice has kindled mine, and wbeu all tru In New York and
Philadelphia Lancaster was received kindly, his lectures were well
at- tended, and the way seemed opening for a new career of honour and
success. At Baltimore he established a school, obtained a few private
pupils, and published in 1821 a small book entitled ' The
Lancasterian System of Education, with Improvements, by its Founder.'
It is mainly a reprint of his first tract, but it is prefaced by a
curious chapter of autobiography, repeating with increased acrimony
his former charges. He concludes with an advertisement of his new
boarding establishment, in which he promises to treat the inmates as
' plants of his hand and children of his care.' But a grievous
illness prevented the success of the enterprise, and on his partial
recovery he determined to go to the milder climate of Venezuela, and
to settle for a time in Caracas, to which place he had been invited
several years before. Bolivar, the first president, wb had visited
the Borough Road in 1810, now received Lancaster with much
consideration, was present at his second marriage to the widow of
John Robinson of Philadelphia, and made large promises of pecuniary
support. which, however, were not fulfilled. To the last it remained
one of Lancaster's mam grievances that Bolivar, after taking posse--
sion of all the little property Lancaster had left in Caracas,
suffered him to depart with « bill for £20,000, which,
when it came to maturity, was dishonoured. Israelites see it they
will fall on their knees ud exclaim, " The Lord, he is the God."
' This was written in September 1838. In the following month he met
with an accident in •he streets of New York, and received
injuries which proved fatal on l>4 Oct. 1838. It would not be
justifiable to claim for either Lancaster or Bell personally a high
n.nk among the founders of popular education in England. Lancaster's
character was instable ; he led an irregular, undisciplined, ind
heavily burdened life, and died in poverty ind obscurity. But he had
a finer and more un^lfiîh enthusiasm than Bell, a more intense
:ore for children, more religious earnestness, ;nd a stronger faith
in the blessings which education might confer on the poor. It is тегу
touching to see in his latest diaries and 1'tters the picture of a
broken-hearted and il ¡-appointed man, welcoming, nevertheless,
räch laint rays of hope as came occasionally to relieve the
gloom of hie solitude, and never wholly losing confidence in the
mission with which he believed himself to have been di- yinelv
entrusted. After being disowned by tie friends on account of his
financial irregularities, he yet continued to hold, instead of a
meeting, his Sunday-morning silent sortie«, &nd to sit
alone, waiting for the visi t a- tion ûf the Divine Spirit. The
great expectations in which, at the thinning of the 19th century,
both edu- > s'ional parties indulged with regard to the , future
of the 'mutual' or 'monitorial sys- ] '--m ' of public instruction
have not been, and «M not likely to be, realised. It was merely
t system of drill and mechanism by which •arge bodies of
children could be made or- i'.rlyand obedient, and by which the
scholars »ho knew a little were made to help those Koo knew
less. Neither the writings nor "b- practice of Bell and
Lancaster threw any kht on the principies of teaching, or were of my
val ne ae permanent contributions to tU literature of education. But
relatively to tbe special needs and circumstances of the »ire.
and to the wretched provision which then ex >ned for the education
of the poor, the work vi these two men was of enormous value. Ttiiy
aroused public interest in the subject. I ;iey brought, at a very
small cost (about It. P-T head per annum), thousands of children into
admirable discipline, and gave them the \ rudiment« of
education, and some ambition to Itrarn more. What is of still greater
importance, they treated the school from the T-t as a pince of
'mutual' instruction, as •-л organised community in which
eil the :• -mbers were to be in helpful relations to , «•eh
other; and all were brought to take a pr.de in the success and fame
of the school to which they belonged. There can be little doubt that
the sense of comradeship and corporate life was unusually strong in
the old monitorial schools, and that it was scarcely inferior to that
of the best public schools of our own time. But the inherent
intellectual defects of an educational system dependent wholly on
ignorant and immature agents, though not visible at first, revealed
themselves before many years ; and in 1846 the newly constituted
education department took the important step of superseding monitors
by pupil-teachers, all of whom were required before apprenticeship to
pass through the elementary course, and afterwards to receive regular
instruction and to be trained for the office of teacher. The
pupil-teacher system itself has now been to a large extent displaced
by the employment of adult teachers. A portrait of Joseph Lancaster
by John Hazlitt is in the National Portrait Gallery, London. [Life of
Joseph Lancaster, by William Cor- eton, 1840; Sketches, by Henry
Dunn, 1848; The Museum, 1863 ; Leitch's Practical Educationists, 1876
; Edinburgh Review, vola. U. xi. xvii. xix. xzi. ; Quarterly Review,
vol. \ i. ; Joseph Fox's Comparative Review of the Publications of
Beil and Lancaster, 1809 ; The New School, by Sir T. Bernard, 1810 ;
Donaldson's Lectures on Education ; Southey's Life of Bell ;
Professor Meiklejohn's Life of Bell ; American Journal of Education,
1861 ; Reports of the Royal Commissioners on Popular Education, that
of the Duke of Newcastle, 1866, and of Lord Cross, 1886 ; Reports
passim of the British and Foreign School Society.] J. G. F-H.
LANCASTER, NATHANIEL (1701- 1775), author, born in 1701 in Cheshire,
was in early life a protégé of the Earl of Chol-
mondelev, who introduced him to polite society. He was appointed
rector of St. Martin's, Chester, on 12 June 1726, and in January 1733
was made a chaplain to the Prince of Wales. In the following February
he was created D.D. by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Gent. Mag. 1864,
L 037). On 17 Feb. 1783 he married the widow of Captain Brown, ' a
lady with a fortune of 20,000/.' In September 1737 he obtained the
rectory of Stanford Hivers, near Ongar, Essex. He died there on 20
June 1776. In his later years he acted as justice of the peace (see
two letters of his describing his administration of justice, Oent.
Mag. liv. 346). He was considered a brilliant conversationalist, but
earned a reputation for extravagance and ¡mpecunioeity, ' which
urged him to indecent applications for the supply of his
necessities.' Lancaster wrote: 1. 'Public Virtue, or the Love of our
Country,' London, 1746. 2. ' The Pretty Gentleman, or Softness of
Manners vindicated from the false ridicule exhibited under the
character of William Frible, Esq./ a pretended reply to Garrick'e '
Miss in her Teens,' but in reality a veiled and caustic satire on the
softness of manners which Gar- rick was ridiculing ; reprinted in '
Fugitive Pieces,' London, 1701, 1766, 1771 ; Dublin, 1762. The
identification of it as Lancaster's is due to a letter of Dodsley's
to Shenstone (see i\tffitive Piece», 1771). 3. "The Plan
of an Essay upon Delicacy, with a Specimen of the Work in two
Dialogues,' London, 1748. 4. ' Methodism Triumphant, or the Decisive
Battle between the old Serpent and the Modern Saint,' London, 1767,
4to, a long rhapsodical poem. [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 379,
repeated verbatim in Chalmers, and taken verbatim from Hull's Select
Letters, i. 70, ii. 132 ; Gent. Mag. vols. iii. v. vii. xlv. Hv.;
Ormerod'e Cheshire; Watt's bibl. Brit.] W. A. S.
LANCASTER, THOMAS (d. 1683), archbishop of Armagh, perhaps a
native of Cumberland, was probably educated at Oxford. In July 1549
ne was consecrated bishop of Kildare by George Browne, archbishop of
Dublin. An enthusiastic protestant, he in June 1661 attended the
conference which the lord deputy, Sir James Croft, held at Dublin
with George Dowdall [q. v.J, the primate, whose Roman catholic
leanings were well known. In 1662 Lancaster was installed in the
deanery of Ossory, which he held in com- mendam with his bishopric.
On 2 Feb. 1653 he assisted in the consecration of John Bole [q.v.] as
bishop of Ossory, and about the ваше time
published an important statement of his doctrinal position in ' The
Ryght and Trew Understandynge of the Supper of the Lord and the use
thereof faythfully gathered out of y* Holy Scriptures,' London, by
Johan Türke, n.d. 8vo. It is dedicated to EdwardVI. A copy is in
the British Museum. Lancaster's style of argument resembles Bale's.
Lancaster was married, and on that ground he was deprived of both his
preferments by Queen Mary in 1654, and spent the remainder of Queen
Mary's reign in retirement. In 1569 he was presented by the crown to
the trea- surership of Salisbury Cathedral, in succession to Thomas
Harding (1616-1672) [q.v.], Bishop Jewel's antagonist ; and he also
became one of the royal chaplains. He was a memberof the lower house
of convocation, and on 6 Feb. 1662-3 was in the minority of fifty-
eight who approved of the proposed six formulas committing the
English church to ultra- proteetant doctrine and practices, as
against fifty-nine who opposed the change. In tin same year he signed
the petition of the low. house of convocation for reform of churcL
discipline. He acted as suffragan hislop nf Marlborough under Bishop
Jewel, but the date is not Known. In that capacity he hell
ordinations at Salisbury on 13 April Ш1 and 26 April 1668.
Writing to Archbishop Parker (8 May 1668) Jewel complained of
Lancaster's want of discretion. Wheu Sit Henry Sydney went to Ireland
as lord deputy in October 1666, Lancaster had a royel licensf to
attend upon him and absent himself from hie spiritual offices (cf.
license, 26 Oct. 1560, in Record Office, London). He accompanied
Sydney in hie progress through various part' of Ireland. Sir William
Cecil was friendly with him, and wrote to the lord deputy on 22 July
1667 (Cal. State Payen, Ireland. No. 70, p. 343, 22 July 1667) of his
deligh ' that the lusty good priest, Lancaster,' wit- to be made
archbishop of Armagh, in succession to Adam Loftus [q. т.], who
had been translated to Dublin. Some months passed before the choice
was officially announced, but on 28 March 1667-8 Elizabeth informed I
the Irish lords justices (Й. Eli*. voL xiiii. ¡ No. 86)
that ehe had ' made choice of Mr. Thomas Lancaster, one of our
ordinary chap- i very laudably, and since that tyme hath ! leyns,
heretofore bishop of Kildare in our said realme, and therein for his
tyme served j been very well acquainted in thu said part of Ulster,
having been also lately in company with our said deputy in all hie
journey - ' within our said realm, and has preached ; legal basis. It
makes no mention of translation, but enjoins ' that the Person
collated to any Archbishoprick or Bishoprick should be invested and
consecrated thereto with all ; ryght faithfully.' The queen, beside«
directing (12 March 1668) hie ' nomination, election, and
consecration,'granted him 2ÚOÍ (и. p. 368, Nos.
72-6, 19 March Ш*). His consecration took place, at the hands
of Archbishop Loftus of Dublin, Bishop Brady of Meath, and Bishop
Daly of Kildare, on 13 June 1668, in Chriet Church Cathedral, Dublin,
in accordance with the Irish act of parliament, 2 Eliz. chap. 8. This
act, 'for conferring and consecrating of archbishop: and bishops
within this realme,' aimed a'. planting the church of Ireland on a
strong I speed.' No reference was therefore made № Lancaster's
previous tenure of the eee of Kildare. He preached his own
сопвесгаЧ"^
I sermon on the subject of 'Regeneration The archbishop had license
to hold sund,- preferments, both in England and in Ireland, on
account of the poverty of hii see which had been wasted by rebellion.
Ht His will, which is in the Public Record
Office at Dublin, gave
rise to protracted litigation (Cal. o/Fiants, Eliz., P. R. O., 1883,1
4452). According to the evidence in the j lawsuit, which is preserved
in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (MS. E. 4. 4. Lib. T.C.
D.), Lancaster dictated the will when 'crated and sycke after his
truble,' and surfeited 'with red herring and drinking of nratch sack
' on the evening which preceded hit death. He designed without result
the foundation of a public grammar school at Drogheda, to be endowed
at his cost ; eight echolanhips tenable at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford,
were to be attached to it. died in Drogheda m December 1588, and !
was buried in St. Peter's Church in that town, in the vault of one of
his predecessors, Octavian de Palatio (d. 1618). He left a son and
two daughters. the Dowager Countess of Guilford. He was found dead in
his bed at his lodgings in High Street, 12 Dec. 1859, and was buried
in the Holywell cemetery. His wife, Miss Anne Walford of Banbury,
died 8 Feb. 1860, at the age of eighty-four. He had no family.
Lancaster was one of the old-fashioned ' high and dry ' school,
preaching in the university pulpit against Arnold of Rugby, and
holding Roman catholics to be out of the pale of salvation. He took
no active part in regard to the Oxford movement, but had no sympathy
with the tractarians.
[Cotton's Fasti Eccl. Hib. i. ii. passim, iii. 19 ; Ware'i Bishops, ed. Harris; Monck Mason's Hist-St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, pp. 170eq.; Bagwdl'i Ireland under the Tudors ; Slant's Chmtb in Ireland, i. 262 ; Jewel's MS. Reg. at Saliburjr, ff. 4852.] W. R-L.
LANCASTER, THOMAS WILLIAM (1787-1859), Bampton lecturer, born at Ful- ham, Middlesex, on 24 Aug. 1787, was son of the Rer. Thomas Lancaster of Wimbledon, Surrey. He was matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford, -26 Jan. 180 i, and graduated B. A. (with a second class in lit. hum.') in 1807, and M.A. in 1810. In 1808 he was elected toa Michel scholarship at Queen's College, and in the following year to a fellowship on ' '.- sime foundation. After being ordained díacon in 1810 and priest in 1812, he became •i" the latter year curate of Banbury in Oxfordshire, and vicar of Banbury in 1816. He wigned his fellowship at Queen's on his damage in 1816. His relations with his 'ri-i-hioners wer« not happy, and although he retained the living of Banbury for up- »ards of thirty-three years, he resided in 1 "iford about, half that time. In 1849 the bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, induced him to exchange Banbury for the rec- tcrr of Over Worton, a small village near Woodstock. He did not find the new living œore congenial than the old, and continued to reside in Oxford, where he frequented the Bodleian Library, and was respected for his ¡•jrrine. In 1831 he preached the Bampton lectures,taking for his subject ' The Popular l.v: l-nce of Christianity.' He was appointed "!«jt preacher to the university in 1832, snd a public examiner in 1832-3. Froml840 to 1849 he acted, with little success, as under- ' : i-ïer (ostiario*, or usher) of Magdalen Col- líjjt! school, and was for a time chaplain to Besides his ' Bampton Lectures ' Lancaster was the author of: 1. 'The Harmony of the Law and the Gospel with regard to the Doctrine of a Future State,' 8vo, Oxford, 1826. 2. ' The Alliance of Education and Civil Government, with Strictures on the University of London,'4to, Lond. 1828. 3. 'A Treatise on Confirmation,with Pastoral Discourses applicable to Confirmed Persons,' 12mo, Lond. 1830. 4. ' The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle,' edited and illustrated, 8vo, Oxford, 1834; a popular and useful edition at the time, but not of permanent value. 6. ' Christian and Civil Liberty, an Assize Sermon,' 8vo, Oxford, 1836. 6. ' Strictures on a late Publication ' (of Dr. Hampden), 8vo, Lond. 1836 j 2nd edit. 1838. 7. ' An Earnest and Resolute Protestation against a certain inductive Method of Theologising, which has been recently propounded by the King's Professor of Divinity in Oxford,' 8vo, Lond. 1839. 8. ' Vindicite Symbolic», or a Treatise on Creeds, Articles of Faith, and Articles of Doctrine,' 8vo, Lond. 1848. 9. ' Sermons preached on Various Occasions,' 8vo, Oxford, 1860 ; partly prepared for the press bv himself and published by subscription after his death. [Bloxam'sMagdalen College Register, iii. 270 ; Oxford Journal, 17 Dec. 1859; Gent. Mag. I860, i. 188; personal acquaintance and recollections; private inquiries.] W. A. G.
LANCASTER, WILLIAM (1650- 1717), divine, son of William Lancaster of Sockbridge in Barton parish, Westmoreland, is said to have been born at that place in 1650. He kept for some time the parish school of Barton, and at his death he added an augmentation to the master's salary. The school is near Lowtlier Castle, and when Sir John Lowther's son, afterwards Lord Lonsdule, went to Queen's College, Oxford, he was attended by Lancaster, who entered as batler on 23 June 1670, and matriculated 1 July, aged20. HegraduatedB.A.onGFeb. 1674-5, M.A. 1 July 1678 (after the degree had been stopped for some ivords against John Clerke, of All Souls, the proctor, but was carried in congregation), B.D. 12 April 1690, and D.D. 8 July 1692. On 20 Dec. 1674 he was elected tabarder of his college, and on 16 March 1678-9 was both elected and admitted fellow. About 1676 he was sent to Paris with a state grant on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Williamson (who thought that the most promising young men of the university might be trained for public life in this way), and after a stay of some duration resumed his career at Oxford. Although he acted when junior fellow as chaplain to the Earl of Denbigh, and was collated on 1 Sept. 1682 to the •vicarage of Oakley in Buckinghamshire, which he held until 1690, most of his time was passed in college, where he became famous as tutor. From the beginningof 1686 till 1 Aug. he was junior bursar, for the next four years he held the post of senior bursar, and he retained his fellowship until his marriage, very early in 1696. Lancaster became domestic chaplain to Henry Compton [q. v.], bishop of London, on whose nomination he was instituted (22 July 1692) to the vicarage of St. Martiu's-in-the- Fields, London, but the presentation for this time was claimed by the queen, and when judgment was given in her favour in the law courts, she presented Dr. Nicholas Gouge. Lancaster was a popular preacher, and Evelyn records a visit to hear him on 20 Nov. 1692 (Mémoire, ed. 1827, iii. 320). At Gouge's death he was again instituted (31 Oct. 1694), and from a case cited in Hum's ' Ecclesiastical Law ' (ed. 1842, i. 116), in which he claimed fres from a French protestant called Bur- deaux for the baptism of his child at the French church in the Savoy, it would seem thathe zealously guarded his dues. On 15 Oct. 1704 he was elected provost of Queen's College, but the election was disputed as against the statutes ; the question, which was whether the right of election extended to past as well as present fellows, being argued in an anonymous pamphlet entitled 'A True State of the Case concerning the Election of a Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 1704,' written by Francis Thompson, senior fellow et the time. An appeal was made to the Archbishop of York, as visitor, but the election was confirmed, on a hearing of the case by Dr. Thomas Bouchier the commissary. Through Compton's favour Lancaster held the archdeaconry of Middlesex from 1705 until his death, and for four years (1706-10) he was vice-chancellor of Oxford, ruling the university in the interests of the whigs. In religion he favoured the views of the high church party, and he was one of the bail for Dr. Sacheverell, but his enemies accused him of trimming and of scheming for a bishopric. The see of St. Davids was offered to him, but it was declined tlirough a preference for college life and a desire to carry out further building works at the college. Through hi* courteous acts to the corporation of Oxford a plot of land in the High Street was leased to the college for a thousand years 'gratis and without fine,' and the first stone of the new court towards the High Street was laid by him on Queen Anne's birthday (6 Feb. 1710). His arms are conspicuous in many places in the college, especially over the provost's seat in the hall ; and his portrait, painted by T. Murray, and engraved by George Vertue, hangs in the halL Another portrait of him, described as ' very bad,' was placed in the vestry-room of St. Martm's-in- the-Fields. He died at Oxford, 4 Feb. 171&-17, 1 of gout in the stomach, and was buried in the old church of St. Martin's-iu-the-Fielde. Hi« wife, a kinswoman of Bishop Compton, was i daughter of Mr. Wilmer of SyweU in Northamptonshire. Lancaster wag author of: 1. A Latin speech on the presentation of William Jait ! vocation, 1689. 2. A sermon before the as prolocutor of the lower house of con- ' House of Commons, 30 Jan. 1696-7. 3. A recommendatory preface to the ' Door of the Tabernacle,' 1703. Many of his letters art in the Ballard collection at the Bodleian Library. One of them is printed in ' Letters from the Bodleian,' i. 294-5, and in the same volume (pp. 200-1) is a peremptory letter from Sacheverell demanding a testimonial I from the university. Lancaster is said to i have been the original of ' Slyboots ' in th- letter from ' Abraham Froth,'which isprint«d in the ' Spectator,' No. 43, and by Hearne hi isfrequently called ' Smooth boots,' 'Northern bear/ and ' < " " ' old hypocritical, ambitious, drunken sot.'
[Luttrell'e Hist. Relation, ii. 520, 582, Hi. 394, vi. 534 ; Wood's Colleges, ed. 'uitcli.i. 14?. 161-69,and App. pp. 159-61; Clark's College of Oxford, p. 133; Hearne's Collections, ei Doble, i. 216, 293-4, ii. and iii. passim ; Nisol- son and Burn's Westmorland and Cumberland, i. 407, 411; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire. 360 ; Newcourt's Repertorium bond. i. 692 ; 1* Neve's Fasti, ii. 331, iii. 478, 553; Biog. Brit. 1763, vol. vi. pt. i. pp. 3724, 3734-5 ; Hist. Register, 1717, p. 9; information from Dr. M»- gratli, provost of Queen's College.]