Pyrethrum
Bertram behoort tot de chrysantemum-familie en gelijkt sterk op moederkruid en kamille. De Latijnse benaming is Anacyclus Pyrethrum, in het engels noemt men hem kortweg Pyrethrum root. In het Duits is het Bertramwurzel en in het Frans Racine de Pyrèthre d'Afrique. Er bestaan nog vele synoniemen zoals vuurwortel en speekselwortel. Pyrethrum komt van het Grieks pyr, wat vuur betekent, dit omwille van zijn brandende smaak op de tong. De plant gedijt aan de Middellandse-Zeekusten van Algerije en Marokko ( de hooglanden in het Atlasgebergte) en wordt best in de herfst ontgonnen. Voor de geneeskundige krachten gebruikt men de wortel, dewelke enkelvoudig, cilindrisch en taai is, een lengte van 5 à 10 cm heeft en een dikte van 12 mm. Men komt de naam Pyrethrum ook vaak tegen in pesticiden, maar hiervoor gebruikt men de bloem van een gelijkaardige plant, de Pyrethrum Cinerariaefolium. Dat poeder is giftig. Daarmee worden de muskietennetten bewerkt. Pyrethrum heeft dus een dubbele functie:
1) als een natuurlijk insectwerend middel voor uitwendig gebruik als men de bloem gebruikt van Pyrethrum Cinerariafolium.
2) als een medicijn of specerij als men de wortel gebruikt van de Anacyclus Pyrethrum. Radix Pyrethri.
Het gebruik van het insecticide is wereldwijd bekend. Het inwendig gebruik van de wortel in de geneeskunde is bij ons in Europa voorlopig enkel bekend bij mensen die Hildegard van Bingen volgen.
Citaten van Hildegard von Bingen.
"Bertram is van een gematigde warmte en ietwat droog, en door die tempering is hij puur, en heeft hij een goede geneeskrachtige werking voor zowel de gezonde als de zieke mens.
Voor een gezond persoon is hij goed als hij gegeten wordt, omdat hij de schadelijke afvalstoffen in het lichaam vermindert en het goede bloed doet toenemen, en hij verwekt een puur intellect."
( Bij malaria worden de rode bloedcellen aangetast door de parasiet en ontstaat bloedarmoede. Bertram maakt goed bloed aan. Bij cerebrale malaria worden de hersenen beschadigd door tromboses, Bertram stimuleert het intellect. Ook bij HIV/AIDS worden de hersenen en de intellectuele functies aangetast. Bertram maakt het geheugen terug helder).
"Voor de zieke mens, die reeds lichamelijk wegkwijnt, brengt hij het lichaam terug op krachten, stuurt niets onverteerds naar buiten en bezorgt het lichaam een gezonde vertering. Bovendien werkt hij zeer fluimafdrijvend in het hoofd, verdrijft pleuritis (vocht en ontsteking tussen de longbladen), zorgt voor zuivere lichaamsvochten en maakt de ogen helder."
Bovendien komt Bertram de potentie van de man ten goede, en is het een ondersteunend middel bij astma.
"Op gelijk welke wijze hij gegeten wordt, hetzij droog, hetzij gekookt in het eten, is hij nuttig en goed voor zowel de zieke als de gezonde mens. Als de mens hem dikwijls eet, jaagt hij de ziekte uit het lichaam en behoedt er u voor dat hij nog ziek wordt. Bij het eten ervan lokt hij vocht en speeksel uit, dat komt omdat hij slechte vochten onttrekt en gezondheid weergeeft".
Al deze eigenschappen zijn dus uitstekend voor het bestrijden van infectieziektes als malaria, hiv/aids en tbc. Door persoonlijke ervaringen ben ik overtuigd dat met bertram zowel malara als hiv/aids kan bestreden worden.
Wanneer Bertram in elk gezin dagelijks wordt gebruikt zijn zowel de ouderen als de kinderen beschermd tegen allerhande infectieziekten waaronder malaria. (Hiv/aids hangt natuurlijk vooral af van de seksuele gewoonten).
Malaria kan dus m.i. gemakkelijk bestreden en voorkomen worden. We zullen er ons wel moeten voor inspannen, geregeld naar ginder gaan en mensen trachten te overtuigen.
Alles kost echter geld en daarvoor doe ik een beroep op uw gezond verstand.
Ik dank u nu reeds voor uw welgekomen financiële steun! Ik zal u op de hoogte houden van dit project zodat u weet waarvoor het geld gebruikt wordt en wat wij samen gerealiseerd hebben, want het is dan ook voor een deel uw project.
>Top
Hieronder kunt u de wetenschappelijke uiteenzetting ivm bertram lezen,
voor nog meer info, klik HIER.
Wetenschappelijke informatie over bertram (in het engels)
HagerROM 2004 © 2005 Springer Verlag, Heidelberg
Pyrethri Radix
Synonyms: Pyrethri romani radix, Radix Pyrethri, Radix Pyrethri romani
Other names: German: Bertramwurzel, Franzosenwurzel, Römische Bertramwurzel, Speichelwurzel, Zahnwurzel; English: pellitory root, pyrethrum root; French: racine de pyrèthre d’Afrique; Italian: Piretro; Portugese: Pyrethro da Africa, parietaria de Espanha; Spanish: raiz de pelitre, pyrethro, salivaria.
Monograph collections: Radix Pyrethri EB 6, Pyrethri radix Ind PC 53, Racine de Pyrèthre d’Afrique CF 37, Pyrethro da Africa Brazil 1, Portug 35.
ATC: [A01AD] Other agents for local treatment.
Definition of the herbal drug: The dried root EB 6.
Source plant: Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link.
Collection: Dried roots, collected in autumn from wild or cultivated stocks in North Africa [12].
Commercial forms: Pyrethri radix EB 6.
Whole herbal drug: 6 to 14 cm long, 0.5 to 3 cm thick, cylindrical to fusiform, grey-brown root with deep longitudinal fissures; the upper part of the root bears a crest of whitish leaf residues. The fracture is hard and brittle EB 6 [12].
Cut herbal drug:Odour: Slightly aromatic. Taste: Sharp, burning; the root induces a strong flow of saliva when chewed EB 6 [4]. Macroscopic description: The cut herbal drug is characterized by fragments of root, which are grey-brown on the outside, with deep longitudinal fissures, and pale yellow on the inside, with a thin, brown cortex interspersed with secretary ducts and a xylem with distinct radial banding due to the yellow xylem rays EB 6 [4].
Hand lens: In cross-section, the root shows a multilayered periderm, in which layers of stone cells are embedded (stone cork). The cortex contains several rings of excretory sacs and radial bundles of sieve tubes and medullary rays. The xylem shows distinct xylem rays with radial vessels. The medullary rays again contain excretory sacs; medulla is absent. The parenchyma contains granules of inulin [12].
Microscopy: In cross-section, the herbal drug is variably circular in outline and is delineated by a few layers of tangentially flattened, empty cork cells with thick suberin layers; some stone cells are also found in the outer cortex. The periderm is developed exogenously. The cork cambium on the inside generates a few parenchymal cells which form the secondary cortex. As a result of the secondary growth, a large part of the stelar region is taken up by secondary xylem rays in individual bundles, delineated to the outside by a few secondary phloem layers. The secondary xylem is interspersed with broad parenchymal rays, medulla is almost completely absent. In older roots, there may be 25 to 30 bundles of secondary xylem. The vessels are mostly located in tangential bands, with the vessels connecting small clusters of fibres. In cross-section, the rootlets show a central tetrarch to pentarch primary xylem, with primary phloem between the xylem rays. Schizogenic intracellular spaces form the three-dimensional structure, with resin ducts each bordered by 15 to 20 epithelial cells. Crystals of varying shapes and sizes are common in the parenchymal cells of the phloem, xylem and rays. After maceration, the thin root cortex mostly comprises stone cells, fibres, vessels, and sieve tubes, as well as parenchyma and crystals [16].
Pyrethri radix:a pieces of root, b cross-section through root, c cross-section through root with peridermal cells, d cross-section through young root, e longitudinal section through secondary xylem, f longitudinal section through secondary phloem, g-i root cross-section with xylem cells, g inner xylem, h middle xylem, i outer xylem, k cross-section of root with sieve cell and companion cells, l calcium oxalate crystals, m-t macerated root cells, m stone cell, n parenchyma, o fibres, p macrosclereid, r,s vascular element, t sieve tube [16].
In powder mixtures, Anacyclus pyrethrum can be microscopically identified and quantified on the basis of groups of rectangular to polygonal stone cells with elongated tubular and roundish pits [19].
Powdered herbal drug: The powdered herbal drug is light brown with individual, yellow, strongly pitted stone cells approx. 80 µm in size, multilayered fragments of periderm with rows of stone cells, fragments with vessels showing reticular pitting and excretory ducts as well as granules of inulin EB 6 [4].
Adulteration/misidentification: With Corrigiola telephiifolia, Caryphyllaceae; the roots of Anacyclus x officinarum (= Pyrethri germanici radix) also count as adulteration [4, 12].
Low grade: Thinner roots only about 0.5 cm across with thick cortex and no stone cells in the periderm should not be used EB 6 [4].
Constituents:Alkyl amides. A crystalline constituent of the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum was originally called “pyrethrin” [49] – a name which is now reserved for the active constituents of Pyrethri flos (see Tanacetum cinerariifolium, see companion work, volume 3) – and later called “pellitorine” [20] and identified as a mixture of isobutylamides of unsaturated C 10, C 12 and C 14 acids with decadiene isobutylamide as the principal constituent [21-23]. It is now known that the alkyl amide fraction of the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum is made up of the following isobutylamides and tyramine amides: (E,E)-2,4-tetradecadiene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide (= anacyclin), 2E,4E-dodecadienoic acid isobutylamide, (E,E)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-2,4-decadienamide, (E,E)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-2,4-dodecadienamide, (E,E)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-2,4-tetradecadienamide, N-methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2,8-decadiene-4,6-diynamide, N-methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-decene-4,6-diynamide, N-methylanacyclin, (E,E)-decadienic acid isobutylamide (= pellitorine) 0.14% relative to dry weight [25], (E,E)-N-(2-phenethyl)-2,4-undecadiene-8,10-diynamide and 2,4-tetradecadienoic acid isobutylamide [21, 24-39].
Lignans. (+)-Sesamine is present [24].
Inorganic compounds. The dried root contains Mn (24.7 ± 1.51 µg/g), Zn (22.01 ± 1.3 µg/g), Cu (9.15 ± 0.7 µg/g), Na (20.13 ± 4.09 mg/g) and K (12.13 ± 0.2 mg/g) [41].
Other compounds. Approx. 30 to 55% inulin; tannins; resin; essential oil (traces) [40].
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
Pellitorine |
|
2,4-Dodecadienic acid isobutylamide |
|
2,4-Tetradecadienoic acid isobutylamide |
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
N -(4-Hydroxyphenethyl)-2,4-decadienamide |
|
N- (4-Hydroxyphenethyl)-2,4-dodecadienamide |
|
N- (4-Hydroxyphenethyl)-2,4-tetradecadienamide |
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
Anacyclin |
|
N -Methylanacyclin |
|
N -Methyl-N-(2-methyl-propyl)-2,8-decadiene-4,6-diynamide |
[Illegible] |
|
[Illegible] |
|
|
N -Methyl-N-(2-methyl-propyl)-2-decene-4,6-diynamide |
|
N -(2-Phenethyl)-2,4-undecadiene-8,10-diynamide |
|
|
Purity:
– Alcoholic extract: ³ 14% Ind PC 53
– Ash: £ 5% Brazil 1, Portug 35; £ 6% EB 6; £ 7% Ind PC 53
– Foreign matter/admixtures: £ 2% Ind PC 53
Storage: In tightly sealed containers. Because of the irritant action on the mucous membranes, the face must be protected from dust when powdering the root [4].
Formulations: For the isolation of pellitorine as an insecticidal amide see ref. [4].
Effects:Effects on prostaglandin metabolism.In vitro at a concentration of 50 µg/ml, the alkyl amide deca-2E,4E-dienoic acid tyramide from the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum has a 25% inhibitory effect on microsomal cyclooxygenase (sheep seminal fluid) and a 34% inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase (pig leucocytes) [42].
Antimicrobial effect. The residue from the extraction of the herbal drug with 70% EtOH (herbal drug:extract = 1:2), dissolved in isopropanol, has a weak antimicrobial effect according to the filter disc diffusion method. The inhibition zone for Bacillus cereus is 20 mm, for Staphylococcus albus 35 mm, and for Staphylococcus aureus 32 mm [43].
Local irritation. Chewing pyrethrum root provokes a persistent burning and partial desensitization of the tongue and nearby mucous membranes together with a pronounced increase in salivary flow [32]. The effect is ascribed primarily to the pellitorine, less so to the anacyclin. Pellitorine is a rubefacient skin irritant and sialagogue; it causes intense burning and local anaesthesia of mucous membranes [16, 35]. Alkyl amides are characterized by a hot taste, a local anaesthetic effect on mucous membranes and the promotion of salivation [32, 38].
Local anaesthetic effect. A local anaesthetic effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum is said to have been demonstrated in animal studies. No details are available [53]. In a double-blind study in 200 dentistry patients, the local anaesthetic effect of an alcoholic extract of the roots (2%, freshly dissolved in sterile distilled water) was compared with that of 2% Xylocaine hydrochloride solution. The maximum dose of the extract was 0.2 ml, corresponding to 4 mg of the herbal drug. The study was limited to the extraction of mandibular molars. Anacyclus pyrethrum brought about a pterygomandibular block with infiltration of the long buccal nerve. A good depth of anaesthesia was observed in 90 out of 100 patients (Xylocaine: 80 out of 100 patients); the anaesthetic effects of the two substances are similar, but last longer in the case of Anacyclus pyrethrum [52].
Insecticidal and molluscicidal effect. The alkyl amides from Anacyclus pyrethrum have insecticidal and molluscicidal effects [38]. The insecticidal effect is said to parallel the sialagogic effect [21]. The insecticidal effect of pellitorine is particularly pronounced [27, 36, 39, 48]. A solution of pellitorine in Deobase (= purified kerosene, concentration not given) as a spray for house flies (Musca domestica L.) is said to show the same paralysing effect and slightly more than half the lethal effect as the same concentration of pyrethrins [25].
Pellitorine is also lethal to adult yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) [48]. A 3.1% solution of pellitorine in acetone topically applied to mealworms as standardized drops under defined conditions causes immobilization of 45% after 24 h [21]. The toxicity of alkyl amides appears to be dependent on the number of double bonds. Anacyclin, as a 3% solution in acetone, caused only 10% mortality in Tenebrio molitor [21, 24]. Catalytic partial hydrogenation of the two acetylene bonds greatly increased the effect. The same concentration of tetrahydroanacyclin caused the immobilization of 100% [21].
Dosage and nature of use: The root is either chewed or used as an infusion for rinsing or gargling [4, 12]. Dose: 0.1 to 0.25 g of the root or 10 to 30 drops of the tincture not more than twice daily [12]. Mean content of the mouthwash (decoction) 1% EB 6.
Undesirable effects: Therapeutic overdoses can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and severe headaches [12].
Traditional uses and other indications: In toothache, mouth diseases, dry mouth and paralysis of the tongue. Internally as a tonic in weak digestion, as an aphrodisiac, in gout, sciatica, epilepsy and lethargy, constipation, malaria, chronic rheumatism, worms; as a sternutatory in chronic head and nasal catarrh [1, 4, 12, 38]. For the preparation of “pyrethrum vinegar” as a mouthwash for toothache and in various recipes such as Tinctura odontalgica hamburgensis (Tinctura Spilanthis comp.) [14]. In Myanmar ( Burma ) Pyrethri radix, together with Cardamomi fructus, Liquiritiae radix and Caryophylli flos, forms part of the traditional medicinal formulation laymyoshitsei hsay [19]. In India , as a gargle for toothache and as an infusion for rheumatic complaints [44, 45]; as a nerve tonic in facial paralysis. Paralysis, hemiplegia, epilepsy and cholera, and also in rheumatism, sciatica and oedema [16]. Local application to the forehead is said to cure headaches [46].
The efficacy of the herbal drug in the indications cited has not been confirmed.
Other indications: As a constituent of oral hygiene products [1].
Acute toxicity:Human. Pellitorine is said to cause tetanus-like convulsions. No further details are available [47].
Mutagenicity: At a concentration of 1 mg/plate, the extract of the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum causes a 74% reduction in tobacco-induced mutations in the Ames Salmonella microsome test (Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 102 and S9 fraction) [51].
Reproduction toxicity: The seeds of Anacyclus pyrethrum caused miscarriages in pregnant albino rats when given orally for 10 days after copulation at a daily dose of 175 mg/kg BW. The antifertile activity was 15% and skeletal and visceral malformations were common in the fetuses [55].
Toxicological data:LD values. Root extract: LD 50 (mouse) 750 mg/kg i.p. [50].
>Top
